【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【B】From Bacteria to Plants 目录及术语表

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发布时间：2019-04-28

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Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块B - From Bacteria to Plants，2005版，215页。全书分为5大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

Cover Description: Lichens and club fungi are growing on the bark of this tree. In some cases, the two organisms that make up a lichen can live separately, but look very different than the lichen. Club fungi are saprobe (sapro- "putrid, rotten" + be), which play a vital role in the decomposition of litter, wood, and dung.

简要目录（Simple Contents）

Chapter 1: Bacteria

Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi

Chapter 3: Plants

Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction

Chpater 5: Plant Processes

详细目录（Detailed Contents）

Chapter 1: Bacteria

Section 1: What are bacteria?

Section 2: Bacteria in Your Life

Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi

Section 1: Protists

Section 2: Fungi

Chapter 3: Plants

Section 1: An Overview of Plant

Section 2: Seedless Plants

Section 3: Seed Plants

Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction

Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction

Section 2: Seedless Reproduction

Section 3: Seed Reproduction

Chpater 5: Plant Processes

Section 1: Photosynthesis and Respiration

Section 2: Plant Responses

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

10: aerobe: any organism that uses oxygen for respiration.

33: algae: chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis.

10: anaerobe: any organism that is able to live without oxygen.

79: angiosperms: flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots.

15: antibiotics: chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria.

46: ascus: (from Greek askos ‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi.

136: auxin: plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms.

46: basidium: (from Greek basidion, diminutive of basis 'stepping') club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores.

45: budding: from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent.

77: cambium: (from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows.

64: cellulose: (from cellule ‘small cell’ + -ose 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support.

126: chlorophyll: green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis.

37: cilia: in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly.

64: cuticle: waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss.

138: day-neutral plant: plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths.

80: dicot: angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek kotulēdōn ‘cup-shaped cavity’, from kotulē ‘cup’)

19: endospore: thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival.

16: fission: simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell.

15,34: flagellum: long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings.

100: frond: (from Latin frons, frond- ‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’)

97: gametophyte: (from gameto- 'marriage, wife, husband' + phyte 'plant') plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores).

112: germination: series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed.

75: guard cells: pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

78: gymnosperms: vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.

44: hyphae: (from Greek huphē ‘web’) mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus.

48: lichen: (from Latin līchēn “ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium.

138: long-day plant: plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.

80: monocot: angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem.

48: mycorrhizae: (from myco- ‘of fungi’ + Greek rhiza ‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil.

16: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals.

67: nonvascular plant: plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures.

107: ovary: swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found.

105: ovule: in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs.

19: pathogen: disease-producing organisms.

77: phloem: vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant.

138: photoperiodism: a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day.

127: photosynthesis: process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen.

69: pioneer species: first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.

107: pistil: female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary.

103: pollen grain: small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm.

103: pollination: transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals.

100: prothallus: (from pro- ‘before, earlier’ + Greek thallos ‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

32: protist: one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.

37: protozoan: one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms.

38: pseudopods: temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food.

129: respiration: series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules.

68: rhizoids: threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground.

100: rhizome: (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’) underground stem.

16: saprophyte: organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (also see p44)

138: short-day plant: plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.

100: sorus/sori: (from Greek sōros ‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced.

47: sporangium: round spore case of a zygote fungus.

45: spore(s): waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (also see p97)

97: sporophyte: plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.

107: stamen: male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament.

75: stomata: tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit.

19: toxin: poisonous substance produced by some pathgens.

134: tropism: positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity.

21: vaccine: preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.

67: vascular plant: plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant.

78: xylem: vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant.

术语表（Glossary in Page Order）

Index	Page	Terminology	Description
1	10	aerobe	any organism that uses oxygen for respiration.
3	10	anaerobe	any organism that is able to live without oxygen.
5	15	antibiotics	chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria.
19	15	flagellum	long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings. (also see p34)
18	16	fission	simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell.
30	16	nitrogen-fixing bacteria	bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals.
49	16	saprophyte	organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (also see p44)
17	19	endospore	thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival.
34	19	pathogen	disease-producing organisms.
57	19	toxin	poisonous substance produced by some pathgens.
59	21	vaccine	preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.
43	32	protist	one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.
2	33	algae	chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis.
13	37	cilia	in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly.
44	37	protozoan	one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms.
45	38	pseudopods	temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food.
25	44	hyphae	(from Greek huphē ‘web’) mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus.
9	45	budding	from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent.
53	45	spore(s)	waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (also see p97)
6	46	ascus	(from Greek askos ‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi.
8	46	basidium	(from Greek basidion, diminutive of basis 'stepping') club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores.
52	47	sporangium	round spore case of a zygote fungus.
26	48	lichen	(from Latin līchēn “ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium.
29	48	mycorrhizae	(from myco- ‘of fungi’ + Greek rhiza ‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil.
11	64	cellulose	(from cellule ‘small cell’ + -ose 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support.
14	64	cuticle	waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss.
31	67	nonvascular plant	plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures.
60	67	vascular plant	plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant.
47	68	rhizoids	threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground.
38	69	pioneer species	first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.
23	75	guard cells	pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
56	75	stomata	tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit.
10	77	cambium	(from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows.
35	77	phloem	vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant.
24	78	gymnosperms	vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
61	78	xylem	vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant.
4	79	angiosperms	flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots.
16	80	dicot	angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek kotulēdōn ‘cup-shaped cavity’, from kotulē ‘cup’)
28	80	monocot	angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem.
21	97	gametophyte	(from gameto- 'marriage, wife, husband' + phyte 'plant') plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores).
54	97	sporophyte	plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.
20	100	frond	(from Latin frons, frond- ‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’)
42	100	prothallus	(from pro- ‘before, earlier’ + Greek thallos ‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
48	100	rhizome	(from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’) underground stem.
51	100	sorus/sori	(from Greek sōros ‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced.
40	103	pollen grain	small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm.
41	103	pollination	transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals.
33	105	ovule	in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs.
32	107	ovary	swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found.
39	107	pistil	female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary.
55	107	stamen	male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament.
22	112	germination	series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed.
12	126	chlorophyll	green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis.
37	127	photosynthesis	process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen.
46	129	respiration	series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules.
58	134	tropism	positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity.
7	136	auxin	plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms.
15	138	day-neutral plant	plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths.
27	138	long-day plant	plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.
36	138	photoperiodism	a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day.
50	138	short-day plant	plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.